Evaluating Eligibility Rules

All three are open 24/7 and each can accommodate up to twenty youths a night. As with cost social services, the determining of financial and clinical eligibility is the deciding factor for these at-risk youth benefiting from the programs provided beyond emergency services. The services they provide after eligibility has been established are case management, physical and mental health services, chemical dependency services, legal assistance, school engagement, job readiness and assistance, and finding safe and stable housing.There are many types of criteria that can be evaluated for a variety of different organizations such as: prior contributions, administrative rule, private contracts, professional discretion, Judicial decision, attachment to the workforce, and means testing which are only specific to eligibility rules as there are many forms of benefits and services which are only specific criteria to benefits and services such as standardization, target efficiency, trade-offs, cos t-effectiveness, substitutability, coerciveness/intrusiveness.Some criteria specific to eligibility rules such as over-illumination's, overwhelming costs, off-targeting benefits and stigma/alienation are criteria specific benefits which are considered facial problems that work against the achievement of a functional policy and programs and definitely work against adequacy, equity, and efficiency.These special problems are most often created by the presence of the eligibility rules which have direct relation to those listed as special problems and if relevant to this organization they will be discussed as evaluated for merit of its fit with the social problem conception that underlies the program or policy under consideration. â€Å"For a program or policy to be a coherent solution to a social problem, those who receive the orgasms benefits and/or services must be included within the group whom the social problem analysis Identifies as having a problem,† (Chambers ; Wedded, 20 05, Chi. , p. 118). This evaluation will cover the criteria for benefits and services and criteria for eligibility rules of this particular organization's social policies and programs. Already known are the benefit types which are affiliated with this particular organization thus with such benefit types also provides an implication of goals, and objectives for adequacy, equity, and efficiency. This organization meets he criteria for a Value-critical Appraisal of Social Policy Programs. Basic Policy Collectivities | 1. Purposes. Long term & Short term. Manifest 1 1.Specific to goals and objectives (a) not Just service and delivery but the end product. (b) clarity, insurability, manipulability. Implications of goals and objectives for adequacy, equity, and efficiency. 3. Fit of goals and objectives with the social problem analysis: problem definition and variables (consequences) in casual analysis. I Forms of Benefits and Services 1 1. Personal social services (â€Å"expert servicesà ¢â‚¬ )2. â€Å"Hard benefits†: cash, goods, Commodities. Credits/vouchers. Subsidies. Government loan guarantees. Protective regulations. Power over decisionsEach party donates or exchanges what the other needs or wants in which some come with specific stipulations. Often promises to contribute a certain amount to a certain organization within a specific allotment of time are made in order for them to receive what they are in need of now. The Cocoon House has promised, demonstrated and provided the end result they proposed. Every business arrangement, any affiliations, and all involvements with are for the betterment of the at-risk youths and young adults that are homeless within Washington. Weakness in eligibility rules were not shown nor implicated.These rules were well-formed, clear and concise and most-likely will avoid any political intervention in the operation of the organization unless intentionally welcomed. The Judgment of the evaluated eligibility rules are believ ed to be fair and sufficient. They are believed to be such because they fit with the social problem analysis and problem definition/ target group specifications along with the Reference Chambers, D. E. , & Wedded, K. R. (2005). Social Policy and Social Programs: A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst (thee. ). Boston, MA: Allan and Bacon

Scientific Method Essay

The scientific method has four steps 1. Observation and description of a phenomenon. The observations are made visually or with the aid of scientific equipment. 2. Formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon in the form of a causal mechanism or a mathematical relation. 3. Test the hypothesis by analyzing the results of observations or by predicting and observing the existence of new phenomena that follow from the hypothesis. If experiments do not confirm the hypothesis, the hypothesis must be rejected or modified (Go back to Step 2). 4. Establish a theory based on repeated verification of the results. The subject of a scientific experiment has to be observable and reproducible. Observations may be made with the unaided eye, a microscope, a telescope, a voltmeter, or any other apparatus suitable for detecting the desired phenomenon. The invention of the telescope in 1608 made it possible for Galileo to discover the moons of Jupiter two years later. Other scientists confirmed Galileo’s observations and the course of astronomy was changed. However, some observations that were not able to withstand tests of objectivity were the canals of Mars reported by astronomer Percival Lowell. Lowell claimed to be able to see a network of canals in Mars that he attributed to intelligent life in that planet. Bigger telescopes and satellite missions to Mars failed to confirm the existence of canals. This was a case where the observations could not be independently verified or reproduced, and the hypothesis about intelligent life was unjustified by the observations. To Lowell’s credit, he predicted the existence of the planet Pluto in 1905 based on perturbations in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. This was a good example of deductive logic. The application of the theory of gravitation to the known planets predicted that they should be in a different position from where they were. If the law of gravitation was not wrong, then something else had to account for the variation. Pluto was discovered 25 years later. Limitations of the Scientific Method Science has some well-known limitations. Science works by studying problems in isolation. This is very effective at getting good, approximate solutions. Problems outside these artificial boundaries are generally not addressed. The consistent, formal systems of symbols and mathematics used in science cannot prove all statements, and furthermore, they cannot prove all TRUE statements. Kurt Godel showed this in 1931. The limitations of formal logical systems make it necessary for scientists to discard their old systems of thought and introduce new ones occasionally. Newton’s gravitational model works fairly well for everyday physical descriptions, but it is not able to account for many important observations. For this reason, it has been replaced by Einstein’s general theory of relativity for most celestial phenomena. Instead of talking about gravity, we now are supposed to talk about the curvature of the four-dimensional time-space continuum. Scientific observations are also subject to physical limits that may prevent us from finding the ultimate truth. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously the position and momentum of an elementary particle. So, if we know the location of a particle we cannot determine its velocity, and if we know its velocity we cannot determine its location. Jacob Bronowski wrote that nature is not a gigantic formalizable system because to formalize it we would have to make some assumptions that cut some of its parts from consideration, and having done that, we cannot have a system that embraces the whole of nature. The application of the scientific method is limited to independently observable, measurable events that can be reproduced. The scientific method is also applicable to random events that have statistical distributions. In atomic chemistry, for example, it is impossible to predict when one specific atom will decay and emit radiation, but it is possible to devise theories and formulas to predict when half of the atoms of a large sample will decay. Irreproducible results cannot be studied by the scientific method. There was one day when many car owners reported that the alarm systems of their cars were set off at about the same time without any apparent cause. Automotive engineers were not able to discover the reason because the problem could not be reproduced. They hypothesized that it could have been radio interference from a passing airplane, but they could not prove it one way or another. Mental conceptual experiences cannot be studied by the scientific method either. At this time there is no instrumentation that enables someone to monitor what anybody else conceives in their mind, although it is possible to determine which part of the brain is active during any given task. It is not possible to define experiments to determine objectively which works of art are â€Å"great†, or whether Picasso was better than Matisse. So-called miracles are also beyond the scientific method. A person has tumors and faces certain death, and then, the tumors start shrinking and the person becomes healthy. What brought about the remission? A change in diet? A change in mental attitude? It is impossible to go back in time to monitor all variables that could have caused the cure, and it would be unethical to plant new tumors into the person to try to reproduce the results for a more careful study. Critical Thinking The scientific method relies on critical thinking, which is the process of questioning common beliefs and explanations to distinguish those beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those which lack adequate evidence or rational foundation. Arguments consists of one or more premises and one conclusion. A premise is a statement that is offered in support of a claim being made. Premises and claims can be either true or false. In deductive arguments the premises provide complete support for the conclusion. If the premises provide the required degree of support for the conclusion then the argument is valid, and if all its premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. In inductive arguments the premises provide some degree of support for the conclusion. When the premises of inductive arguments are true, their conclusion is likely to be true. Arguments that have one or more false premises are unsound. Fallacies Arguments are subject to a variety of fallacies. A fallacy is an error in reasoning in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. A deductive fallacy is a deductive argument where the premises are all true but reach a false conclusion. An inductive fallacy consist of arguments where the premises do not provide enough support for the conclusion. In such cases, even if the premises are true, the conclusion is not likely to be true. Common fallacies are categorized by their type, such as Ad Hominem (personal attack), and appeals to authority, belief, fear, ridicule, tradition, etc. An example of an Ad Hominem fallacy would be to say â€Å"You do not understand this because you are American (or Chinese, etc. â€Å". The national origin of a person (the premise) has nothing to do with the conclusion that a person can understand something or not, therefore the argument is flawed. Appeals to ridicule are of the form: â€Å"You would be stupid to believe that the earth goes around the sun†. Sometimes, a naive or false justification may be added in appeals to ridicule, such as â€Å"we can plainly see the sun go around the earth every day†. Appeals to authority are of the form â€Å"The president of the United States said this, therefore it must be true†. The fact that a famous person, great person, or authority figure said something is not a valid basis for something being true. Truth is independent of who said it. Types of Evidence Evidence is something that provides proof concerning a matter in question. Direct or Experimental evidence. The scientific methods relies on direct evidence, i. e. , evidence that can be directly observed and tested. Scientific experiments are designed to be repeated by other scientists and to demonstrate unequivocably the point that they are trying to prove by controlling all the factors that could influence the results. A scientist conducts an experiment by varying a single factor and observing the results. When appropriate, â€Å"double blind† experiments are conducted to avoid the possibility of bias. If it is necessary to determine the effectiveness of a drug, an independent scientist will prepare the drug and an inert substance (a placebo), identifying them as A and B. A second scientist selects two groups of patients with similar characteristics (age, sex, etc. ), and not knowing which is the real drug, administers substance A to one group of patients and substance B to the second group of patients. By not knowing whether A or B is the real drug, the second scientist focuses on the results of the experiment and can make objective evaluations. At the end of the experiment, the second scientist should be able to tell whether the group receiving substance A showed improvements over those receiving substance B. If no effect can be shown, the drug being tested is ineffective. Neither the second scientist nor the patients can cheat by favoring one substance over another, because they do not know which is the real drug. Anecdotal, Correlational, or Circumstantial Evidence. Where there is smoke, there is fire† is a popular saying. When two things occur together frequently, it is possible to assume that there is a direct or causative relationship between them, but it is also possible that there are other factors. For example, if you get sick every time that you eat fish and drink milk, you could assume that you are allergic to fish. However, you may be allergic to milk, or only to the combination of fish with milk. Correlational evidence is good for developing hypotheses that can then be tested with the proper experiments, e. g. drink milk only, eat fish only, eat fish and milk together. There is nothing wrong with using representative cases to illustrate an inductive conclusion drawn from a fair sample. The problem arises when a single case or a few selected cases are used to draw a conclusion which would not be supported by a properly conducted study. Argumentative Evidence consists of evaluating facts that are known and formulating a hypothesis about what the facts imply. Argumentative evidence is notoriously unreliable because anybody can postulate a hypothesis about anything. This was illustrated above with the example about the â€Å"channels† of Mars implying intelligent life. The statement â€Å"I heard a noise in the attic, it must be a ghost† also falls in this category. Testimonial Evidence. A famous football player appears on television and says that Drug-XYZ provides relief from pain and works better than anything else. You know that the football player gets paid for making the commercial. How much can you trust this evidence? Not very much. Testimonials are often biased in favor of a particular point of view. In court proceedings, something actually experienced by a witness (eyewitness information) has greater weight than what someone told a witness (hearsay information). Nevertheless, experiments have repeatedly demonstrated that eyewitness accounts are highly unreliable when compared with films of the events. The statement â€Å"I saw a ghost last night. † is an example of testimonial evidence that probably cannot be verified and should not be trusted. On the other hand, the statement â€Å"I saw a car crash yesterday. can be objectively verified to determine whether it is true or false by checking for debris from the accident, hospital records, and other physical evidence. Make full use of your senses. Making use of your senses is the subjective part of the Methodology. This is the stage where your special sensory skills can be put to use. If you have extraordinary hearing, use it. If you have a photographic memory make sure that it gets used for most of your problem solving. N obody else has your specific impressions of your environment. Your point of view and your observations are unique. Part of using your senses may involve using instrumentation or interaction with others. Lucky charms, divining rods, and other magical devices that do not have reproducible and verifiable functionality do not count as â€Å"instrumentation†. If you don’t have perfect eyesight and you need to see something clearly, use your glasses. Make observations from several points of view to get good depth perception and to confirm impressions. Take photographs if you need to remember something in great detail. Use a tape recorder or a notepad to record your observations for later review. Make sure that your senses are at their best by avoiding intoxicants that affect your perceptions. â€Å"Interaction with others† may involve using another being (not necessarily human) to make the observations for you. For example, a blind person may use a seeing-eye dog to get around, a truck driver may use directions from someone else when backing up into a tight spot, a hunter may use a dog’s sense of smell for tracking game, or a miner may use a canary to warn him of pockets of unbreathable odorless gases. Whenever you trust someone else’s perception more than your own you may find that the conclusions that you reach are unsatisfactory. How many hunters have been led astray by dogs that followed a rabbit’s trail rather than the fox’s? And how many truck drivers have crashed while backing up because they misinterpreted their helper’s signals? Reliance on your own senses is the only way to avoid such problems, but you don’t always have this choice. The application of logic may be necessary to determine which perceptions you can trust. Let us say that you are not under the influence of any drugs and you see an apparition of a dead person, what should you do? How do you distinguish hallucinations from real perceptions? How do you know if your senses fool you or if your observations are real? One time-honored test is to pinch yourself to make sure that you are not dreaming. If you should tell someone else about your experience and they don’t observe the same things, does this mean that you are crazy or that something is wrong with you? Or does this prove that you have more refined perception that enables you to see things that others do not see? What would it be like to live in a world where only you have color vision and everyone else is colorblind? The difference between real perceptions and hallucinations is that you can repeat and reproduce results from real perceptions but not from hallucinations. In a world where you are the only person with color vision, you would eventually be able to prove to everyone else by objective means that colors, or at least different frequencies of light, do exist.

Management Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 3

Management Portfolio - Essay Example The ability to understand and coordinate with numerous a numbers of disciplines and functions within a civil engineering domain is clearly portrayed in the essay. Finally adopting the techniques related to innovation within the limits of framework leading to sustainable construction and effective quality management for understanding the requirements of end users. Major focus areas of civil engineering study demands the conceptual understanding about the complexity of infrastructure with more components like Operations Research, Maintenance of men, machine and materials, Adaptation & Conversion and Refurbishment & Renewal. The next critical factor will be the factors like project size and environment. Project size can range from small to medium and the type could be large scale creation and type of built environment for example regeneration. There are cross functional processes adding more value to the civil engineering through effective concept and design of values leading to full fledged functionality of civil engineering. Major focus areas requiring attention apart from construction mechanism are All the above determinants help us to understand the intrinsic aspects of civil engineering and also derive the correlation between civil engineering with the specific functions. In addition to the above determinants, there is strong need for designing an effective document control process to ensure accuracy and compliance on the management portfolio with relevant data management processes. The entire portfolio is presented with effective case studies, schematic diagrams and data tables for better understanding and application. Let us review the relation of civil engineering with various domains and their advantages and disadvantages using different case studies of construction companies for more practical understanding and application. The Case

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 111

Discussion - Essay Example Koch (2005) states that the solution to this problem is fairly simple. Open source technology must be supplement with vendor cost specifications. Java and Oracle 11g are two prime examples of this. They allow organizations to use free components of technology but also charge a cost for vendor specific solutions. Vendor specific solutions are much easier to use and require little or no knowledge of scripting.   MySQL and PHP are examples of applications that have resulted from the  open  source development  process. Furthermore, open source has been around and no correlations has been linked that dictates that developers’ rates have gone down. In essence, modifying code is still a rare skills that developers can thrive off. It is evident that the public actually profits from using  open  source  products, because using them can provide competition for proprietary software companies. It can also be used as a supplement in which the public can truly benefit from. Furthermore, Kock (2005) insists that Open source development should be propagated for because of cost implications, customization, and developing new technologies. It does not harm analysts and developers because those skills are still specialized skills. "Five ways to bring a more social, open development environment to your company | Opensource.com." How to get a more open development environment at work. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.

Leadership style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership style - Essay Example From the course readings, it was established that transformational leaders are vision developers. They develop vision because they identify a problem and want to fix it. Transformational leaders want to fix the problem because they are concerned about the people and concerned for the task they have been chosen to perform. After developing the vision, which becomes the main target of his leadership, a transformational leader finds means to sell the vision to his followers. Though not charismatic, a transformational leader is on the heart of the people because the people know he is concerned about him. For this reason, selling the vision is never too difficult for the transformational leader. The followers are more easily to buy into the vision and help achieve them. Again, transformational leaders are trusted by their followers to be knowledge budded and vision oriented. For this reason, they are always excellent when it comes to leading the way to achieving the vision. It is for this reason that the Changing Minds Organization states that â€Å"some Transformational Leaders know the way, and simply want others to follow them.† Finally, because the transformational leader cares about change, his followers will be sure to depend on him to better their lives. For this reason, a transformational leader must learn to â€Å"make continued efforts to motivate and rally their followers, constantly doing the rounds, listening, soothing and enthusing† (Changing Minds Organization, 2011). This way, transformational leaders are always sure to pull the crowd behind them though charismatic leaders are commonly associated with crowd

Cultural Conduct in Other Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Conduct in Other Countries - Essay Example The question that rises over here is how important role does a language play in cross border businesses? To run your business successfully in another country it requires a proper understanding of the culture of that country. And to understand the culture of that country, it is required to know and learn the language of that country. Every culture has different parameters and guidelines of thought. And the best way to understand the thought behind these parameters and guidelines is the language (Malt et. al, 1999). Language not only provides knowledge about culture, it also provides knowledge about economic and political situations. Knowledge of other languages has become very essential because now million of people share their ideas, common interests and communicate with each other across the world through internet and going cross border for businesses and study. All these things are possible due to the technological advancements. Here we take the example of America; the trade is gro wing rapidly here. Some business people are learning Spanish and Portuguese for there businesses. And now adays people are getting knowledge of other languages for economic integrations. Many Canadians have ability to speak English and French. And they have adopted these languages for the improvement of their jobs and businesses. So the knowledge of other languages gives us a unique thought and this thought helps us to make concepts and decisions correctly. Social Etiquette: Etiquette is a code of behavior or social behavior within the society, social class or group. Rules of etiquette generally based on social interaction within the society. It may be reflection of ethical codes, fashion and status of society, group or class. When someone is interacting with large social group or variety of people which have same interest, so there are some general rules to interact with them and these rules are socially acceptable. Business etiquette is similar to the social etiquette, but they ar e particularly for coworker’s interaction and vary from business to business (Johnson, 1997). When a businessman expands his business in other countries, he has to understand the language, cultures, taboos and etiquettes because different nations have different cultures and etiquettes. For example, in China if a person takes food item from a common bowl or plate without asking others that mean you are insulting the host. On the other side in America a guest has to eat all food in his plate as a compliment to the quality of food. In Korea and Japan, it is an old tradition for host and guest to fill their alcohol cups and encourage each other to take it, but if anyone doesn’t want to take alcohol for any reason, then it can become difficult for him to escape from it. So for a prospective businessman it is very essential to understand the etiquettes of other country. Because etiquettes provide help to interact with society. Basically etiquettes depend upon the culture. It may vary from culture to culture. If business people have knowledge about other country’s culture, language and etiquettes then they can easily create a good impression. Cultural Values: Cultural values are the ethical or moral values; values that reflect someone’s sense of good and evil or right and wrong. Cultural values are the reflection of attitudes and behavior of society or group. Norms are the behavior of people in a specific situation, and values are the judgment of this situation as good and

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult - Essay Example Her novel My sister’s keepers also deal with moral, ethical and psychological consequences of situation that have a contradicting point of views. This novel was published in 2004 initially and raises many contradicting issues pertaining to genetic engineering and rights pertaining to control of minor over her body. This novel tells the story of a family whose daughter has been suffering from extremely harmful form of cancer and genetically designed other daughter is brought to the world for sake of saving her sister and help in recovery (SparkNotes, n.d.). The protagonist of the story was Anna Fitzgerald who plays a role that is argued by many. Her character is defined by her link to elder sister Kate, whose health depends upon her and her efforts for fighting for her rights as an individual and battle of getting freedom from this special link. These efforts and willingness can be seen in her chat with Campbell that how much she wanted to be a sister to Kate in all the past te n years and she couldn’t achieve that status in anyway. The tragic and sorrowful reality of Ana’s character can be seen in her efforts of getting freedom and treated as an independent person rather than being used for a purpose only, which was keeping her sister Kate alive. These contradictory thoughts complicates her character and mind by making herself guilty for thinking of getting an independent identity unrelated to her sister when she knows only she can be source of health to her sister. It forces her to think of herself as a selfish person and feeling less. All of these negative feelings lead her to engage in harmful activities that could affect her health such as smoking with Jess. Anna is shown as a helpless and disputed soul as she is willing to help her sister as well to combat this disease by donating her kidney to Kate, but the Kate is destined to die in any way later or sooner. And at the same time she is willing to be independent of this issue by filing a lawsuit against her parents that states and provides all rights of Anna on her own body and helps her in not donating her sister the Kidney. She is actually shown as fulfilling her sister’s desire as well as Kate herself wants to die because she is tired of fighting against this cruel disease. This represents the righteous side of Anna and love towards her sister. Therefore, it is the lawsuit filed by Anna that is targeted towards completing the wishes of both sisters at a time (SparkNotes, n.d.). Since Anna is a product of genetic engineering and an unwanted and undesired child in her parents life, which is solely brought to this world by her parents with the help of science for sake of keeping her sister alive. Therefore she is also shown as a point of node between science and compassion through out the story. The extent of using Anna by her parents can be seen in Sara’s in form of desires for using Ana’s body organs for the health and safety of her elder da ughter Kate only and she had never thought of Anna as a person or her own child. Therefore, it can be concluded that the character of Anna has been represented as a person who is sacrificed her life and happiness for her sister to the readers and her family. Her character is respected for her great deed, loving and devoting attitude so she can be considered as a source of light and happiness to her family. She is also shown as a joyful person who is funny and a very sympathetic person. She has not only physically helped her sister to remain healthy

Introduction Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction - Article Example Being a federation that is made up of seven principalities, each emirate is governed by a hereditary emir from whom the Federal Supreme Council is ranked highest legislative and executive entity in the county. This means a constitutional monarchy, acting in the position of head of state, since its establishments in 1971. The judicial system of the United Arab Emirates is comprised of seven varied emirates; Ajman, Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah, Fujairah, Abu Dhabi and Umm al Quwain, in addition to the Roman, French, Islamic and Egyptian laws. As is in the Constitution of the UAE, there is freedom of liberty, rule of law, equality, movement and speech. In the concept of the legal environment, Sharia is fundamental. Economic freedom index, rapid economic growth, penetration towards the economic diversification, and WTO and OPEC memberships are the key drivers of the economic trends of the UAE. Further still, the economic freedom index has resulted into substantial enhancements in business freedom, government spending management, monetary freedom, and freedom from

Questionnaire Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questionnaire - Research Proposal Example Complimentary meals VII. Special price promotions VIII. Extending special privileges to immediate family members IX. Any other please specify ___________________________________________ 7. How are the loyalty programmes designed for the corporate segment Flat rate Linked to volume Rewards on accumulated points Any other, please specify ______________________________________ 9. Which features in your opinion, attract maximum guests and justify the hotel's expenses in making such an offer 10. What is the objective of your loyalty programme I. Decrease price sensitivity (Is there an effort on part of your hotel to persuade customers to try new offers, pay premium prices, and/or use the hotel for increasingly diverse services so that they resist cheaper offers by competing hotels) II. Serve as a defensive measure to cope with competition (since other hotels offer such programmes, your hotel needs to offer too) III. Increase patronage and attract new customers (encourage word of mouth support and endorsement) IV. Ensure repeat usage V. Any other, please specify_______________________________ 11. How do you manage your loyalty programmes I. Use of CRM (Customer relationship management) (any specific software)_______________ II. III. Feedback forms IV. V. In house software which is used for bookings and managing guest stay VI. VII. Any other, please specify_______________________________ VIII. 12. How do you identify a loyal customer in the retail segment-when he arrives at your hotel- so that he is serviced accordingly (What is the delivery mechanism) I. With a loyalty card II. Internal records 13. In which way, if at all, do you involve your employees in the loyalty programmes especially staff from housekeeping and F&B, who may interact... 20. In your opinion are loyalty programmes essential for loyal customers to exist If yes why, if no why not (especially in light of the argument that that excellent service and satisfaction among guests is considered by many researchers as enough to maintain loyalty)

Informal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Informal Report - Essay Example The future job outlook for this occupation is expected to grow because of an increased emphasis on preventive care due to the aged and some illnesses such as diabetes, which require special nursing services. The typical salaries for this occupation include an hourly rate of $31.48 or an annual salary of $65470. Examples of the companies where one can apply are the Prime healthcare and Johns Hopkins hospital was opened in 1889 and cares for patients with different illnesses such as Arthritis, lung disorders, knee replacement surgery and many more. The hospital makes earnings of about $1,891,059,968 annually from patients’ revenues. It has employed over 10,000 employees who work in the hospital. The main duties for a registered nurse in this hospital include recording patients medical histories and symptoms, giving patients medicine and treatments, staying with patients and observing patients medical progress (Perry pg 300). This is a good occupation which involves caring for patients, and it has a good income and it is an interesting career to take for people who like caring for the sick. It also involves staying with patients and giving them advice on how to live after they have been discharged from

Death of Stressman Essay Example for Free

Death of Stressman Essay One of the factors that results in the rise of Hitler is the death of a capable leader that brought stability and prosperity back to Germany. This capable leader is known as Gustav Stressman . Stressman died of a heart attack on 3rd October 1929. On behalf of the Weimar government, Stressman had negotiated the Dawes and Young Plans for more time to pay reparations to the Allies. In 1925, he also helped to end the Ruhr occupation by French and Belgian troops which had begun in 1923 and signed the 1925 Locarno Pact with France and Britain, promising to respect Germany’s Western borders. Thus, Germany’s relations with her former enemies improved and Germany was even allowed to be a member of the League of Nations. Therefore the years between 1924 and 1929 is considered as a golden age for Germany. Since then, Germany’s economic recovery depended on US loans. This made Germany vulnerable as it depended on America’s ability to keep lending. Therefore when Stressman died and The Great depression started in 1929, thousands of business closed and millions of Americans were thrown out of work. It also affected economies around the world. The loans from the United States of America on which Germany depended dried up. This resulted in the massive unemployment of many Germans which brought poverty to them. However, the Weimar government was helpless in solving the economic crisis without the leadership of Stressman which resulted in the German people to lose confidence in both the Weimar government and democracy. Therefore, the Germans started to search for any people or group that could help them . Hence ,due to the loss of confidence in the Weimar government, Hitler began to gain support from the Germans as they wanted a change of government and support Nazism which lead to the rise of Hitler.

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts Introduction Enzymes:Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. Over-view of Enzymes catalysts All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process. Among the many biologic reaction that are energetic possible, Enzyme selectively channel reactant called substrate into useful pathways. Enzynes thus direct all metabolic events. Enzyme are Protein Catalyst that increase the velocity of the chemical rxn, and are not consumed during the rxn they catalyse. Some type of RNA act like a Enzyme, RNA with catalytic activity are called Ribozymes. Enzymes are protein catalysts, they influence the kinetics but not the thermodynamics of a reaction Increase the rate of a chemical reaction Do not alter the equilibrium Properties of enzymes Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. The active site contain amino acid side chain that create a three dimention surface complementary to the substrate . the active site bind the substrate , forming an enzyme substrate (ES) complex. The ES is converted to enzyme product(EP), which subsequently dissociated to enzyme and product. Catalytic efficiency: Most enzyme catalytic rxn are highly efficient , proceeding from 103 to 108 times faster than the uncatalysed rxn. Eacg enzyme molecule is capable of transforming 100 to 1000 substrate molecules into product each sec. The number of molecules of substrate converted to product is called the turnover no. Characterstic of Enzymes Certain substance is small amount have unique capacity of speedingup chemical rxn without being alter after the rxn, they acceleration the velocity of the rxn without necessary initially it. Substance that behave in this manner are called catalyst or catalytic agent. For eg hydrogen and oxygen do not combine to any appreciable extent under normal atmospheric condition. However unlike platinum , while is inorganic , enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. The three distinctive characterstic are 1)specificity. 2)high Catalyst rate 3)high capacity for regulation. A general model of reaction kinetics of biological systems Dyanamic mathematical model in biotechnology require beside the information require the stoiciometry ok the biological rxn system.. The identification of a priori unknown reaction kinetics is often a critical task due to the non-linearity and (over-) parameterization of the model equations introduced to account for all the possible modulation phenomena. The contribution of this paper is to propose a general formulation of reaction kinetics, as an extension of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which allows limitation/activation and inhibition effects to be described with a reduced number of parameters. The dianamic model of a perfectly stirred tank bioreactor is usually derived from a mass balance which lead to a differential eq systwm for the concentration vector ) = c0; r(c(t))=q(c(t))cx0(t) The matrix âÅ'ˆâ‚ ¬R^m*n contains the information on the stoichiometry of the reaction system and is usually timeinvariant. The biological reactions r â‚ ¬ R ^ m are catalysed by the viable biomass, whose concentration is denoted by cx0(t); and the specific reaction rate vector q â‚ ¬R^m is usually a non-linear function of the concentrations. Dâ‚ ¬ R is the renewal (or dilution) rate and u â‚ ¬ R^ n containsthe reactor input/output conditions. There are a large variety of mathematical descriptions of the reaction kinetics available in the literature. A systematic approach is, therefore, necessary to find the best model structure and the best values ofthe model parameters with respect to some imposed criterion. For instance, in terms of model identification, the optimal structure is characterised by minimal correlations between parameters and maximal identifiability properties. In terms of state estimation and control, however, simplicity and (non-)linearity play impo rtant roles.[5] ENZYME CATALYST Most of the rxn that occur in living organism are catalyst by molecule called enzyme. Most enzymes are proteins (certain RNA molecules also act as enzyme). An enzyme is in specific in its action. Many enzymes catalyst only the conversion of a particular reactant to a particular product ;other enzyme catalyst only a certain class of rxn(by ester hydrolysis) . Enzyme speed up rxn rate very substantionally and in their absent most biological rxn occur . The molecule an enzyme act on is called the substrate.the substrate bind to a specific active site on the enzymeso form as enzyme substrate complex. Some physiological poison act by binding to active site of an enzyme,there blocking the action of the enzyme.the structure of an inhibitor may resemble the structure of enzyme substrate .Cyanide act by blocking the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. The single called Escherichia coli, a bacterium that flourished in human colons, contain about 2500 different enzymes .[6] Enzyme Kinetics 1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition[7] K1 k2 E+S ↔ ES ↔ E+P k-1 k-2 E is the free enzyme , S is the substrate, ES is the enzyme substrate complex p is the product. Thp overall rxn is s gives p. The enzyme is assumed in step 1 and rearranged in step 2.Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per second 2.Enzyme rates depend on solution conditions and substrate concentration. Conditions that denature the protein abolish enzyme activity, such as high temperatures, extremes of pH or high salt concentrations, while raising substrate concentration tends to increase activity. To find the maximum speed of an enzymatic reaction, the substrate concentration is increased until a constant rate of product formation is seen. This is shown in the saturation curve on the right. Saturation happens because, as substrate concentration increases, more and more of the free enzyme is converted into the substrate-bound ES form. At the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme, all the enzyme active sites are bound to substrate, and the amount of ES complex is the same as the total amount of enzyme. However, Vmax is only one kinetic constant of enzymes. The amount of substrate needed to achieve a given rate of reaction is also important. This is given by the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), which is the substrate concentration required for an enzyme to reach one-half its maximum velocity. Each enzyme has a characteristic Km for a given substrate, and this can show how tight the binding of the substrate is to the enzyme In most experimental studies on enzymes kinetics, the enzyme concentrationis much less than the substrate concentration; [E] [ES]-[E][P] 0=([E] -[E][S])(k[E][S]-[P])-(+)[ES] If [is the initial enzyme concentration than [E]=[E]+[ES].since the conc is [E]during the rxn is generally not known while [E] is known , we replace [E] by [E] The const rate is =- R=[E][S]-[ES] R=[E][S]-([S]+[ES] Since the concentration of the intermediate ES is very small, we have Usually,the rxn is followed only to a few percent completion and the initial rate determined. Setting the product concentration [P]equal to 0 and [S]equal to [S] We get as the initial rate r where the Michaelis Menten const is defined by . The reciprocal of above eq is 1/r= 1/ Equation 2 is the Michaelis Menten eq , and above eq is the Lineweaver Burk eq. One measure r for several [S] values with [E] held fixed. The constant Since [E] is known . strictly speaking r is not the rate at t=0 , since there is a short induction period before steady state condition are establish . Although many exp studies on enzyme kinetic give a rate law in agreement with the Michaelis Menten eq .the mech ‘a is grossly over simplified. For one thing , there is much evidence that , while the substrate is bound to the enzyme , it generally undergoes a chemical change before being released as product . hence a better model is E + S ES ↔ EP ↔ E+ P The above model gives a rate law that has the same form as the Michaelis Menten eq but the const are replaced const with diff significance . Enzyme rxn are quite fast but can be studied using â€Å"classical† methods by keeping [E] and [S]very slow. Lineweaver- Burk Equation The method describe for the determination of is someone complex and therefore simpler method have been devised. Two such method are given below: First method-a convient means of evaluating and is to plot kinetic data as the reciprocals of v and (S) where v velocity and (S) is the total conc of substrate. such a double reciprocal was proposed by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in 1934. If one take the reciprocal of Michaelis Menten eq, the following eq is formed This is known as Lineweaver- Burk Equation. This eq is the form y=mx+b, if one condition the variable to b and 1/(s). When one plots a graph against these two variable , a straight line is obtained . the slop of this line corresponds to and the 1/v intercept corresponds to 1/. Since can be determine from the intercept , the can be calculated . Second method: another graphical method for the measurement of for experimentel data on V as a measure of (S) makes use of the above Lineweaver- Burk Equation . multiplication on sides of the by (S) gives: A plot of verses (S) gives a straight line on axis is and the slope is and can be obtained from intercepy of the slope. A lineweaver burk plots provide a quick test for adhereance to Michaelis Menten eq kinetic and allows easily evaluation of the critical const . it also allow the discrimination between diff kinds of enzyme inhibition and regulation. A disadventure of lineweaver-Burk plot is that a long extrapolation is often require to determine , which corresponds uncertainty in the result. Consequently , other way of plotting the data are sometimes used. Alternate plot are based on Hanes-eq: [s]/v So that v/[s] is plotted against v. The relative merit of the Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes and Edlie-Hoffstee eq for the determination of and are llustrated below in fig. Using the same set of e ixperimental values of v for a series of substrate concentration . it can be seen that the lineweaver-Burk eq gives the unequal distribution of points and greater emphasis to the points at low substrate concentration that are subject to a greater experimental error, whilst the Edlie-Hoffstee eq and a Hans eq gives a better distribution of points. In the case of the Hans plot , greater emphasis is placed on the experimental data at higher substrate 1)Lineweaver plot 2)Hanes plot 3) Eadie-hofstee plot Lineweaver burk, Hanes and Eadie hofstee plot the same set of experimental data of the effect of substrate conc. [S] on the initial rate v of the enzyme catalyst rxn. Reversible Inhibition Now consider the effect of reversibly-binding inhibitors on an enzyme. If an inhibitor binds reversibly at the same site as the substrate, the inhibition is referred to as competitive. If the inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, the binding is described as noncompetitive. These two alternative behaviors may be distinguished by their effects on Lineweaver-Burk or Hanes-Woolf plots. If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme active site in place of the substrate, it is described as a competitive inhibitor. In pure competitive inhibition, the inhibitor is assumed to bind to the free enzyme but not to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for the EI complex. EI does not react to form E + P, and the enzyme is unable to bind both S and I at the same time. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing competitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for competitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for competitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for competitive inhibition is: Noncompetitive Inhibition If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme at a site that is distinct from the active site, it is described as a noncompetitive inhibitor. In pure noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds with equal affinity to the free enzyme and to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for either the EI complex or the IES complex. Neither of these complexes can react to form E + P. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing noncompetitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: Limiting Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions At very low concentrations of substrate many enzyme-catalysed reactions display approximately second-order kinetics, with rate given by the following equation: v = kA [E]0 [A] . . . . . . . in which the symbol kA (or, in general, kR for a reactant R) is the apparent second-order rate constant or specificity constant and [E]0, which may also be written as [E]t or [E]stoich, is the total or stoichiometric concentration of catalytic centres. The rationale for the subscript 0 is that the total enzyme concentration is normally the concentration at the instant of mixing, i.e. at time zero. Conversely, at very high substrate concentrations the same reactions commonly display approximately first-order kinetics (zero-order with respect to substrate): v = k0 [E]0 . in which k0, which may also be written as kcat is the apparent first-order rate constant. Although these limiting types of behaviour are not universally observed, they are more common than Michaelis-Menten kinetics)and provide a basis for classifying inhibitory and other effects independently of the need for Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The quantity k0[E]0 is given the symbol V and the name limiting rate. It is particularly useful when k0 cannot be calculated because the total catalytic-centre concentration is unknown, as in studies of enzymes of unknown purity, sub-unit structure and molecular mass. The symbol Vmax and the names maximum rate and maximum velocity are also in widespread use although under normal circumstances there is no finite substrate concentration at which v = V and hence no maximum in the mathematical sense. The form Vmax is convenient in speech as it avoids the need for a cumbersome distinction between capital V and lower case v. When a true maximum does occur the symbol vmax (not Vmax) and the name maximum rate may be used for the true maximum value of v but care should be taken to avoid confusion with the limiting rate. Enzyme Mechanism: Enzyme kinetic studies,together with the other typeof investigation have led to inside into the way in which enzyme exert their catalytic action.aspects of this are of special interest . This specificityof enzymes is explained in terms of the an elaborating of Fischers â€Å"lock and key†which is concerned with the way in which an enzyme and the substrate fixed together in forming a Enzyme substrate complex and in undergo subsequent rxn . the second aspect is the very high effectiveness of enzyme in comparison with other catalyst. the high effectiveness of catalyst almost always is associate with a low energy of activation for the rxn. in some cases the effect has been attributed to the fact that the enzyme is acting as a bifunctional catalyst, in tha two catalytic group are presentside by side at the active centre. Transition state : When a chemical reaction occurs, the energy content of the reacting molecule or atom increases. This is why most chemical reactions, whether they release heat or absorb heat, happen faster as the temperature is raised. The high-energy state of the reactants is called the transition state. For example, in a bond-breaking reaction, the transition state may be one where the reacting bond, although not completely broken, is vibrating at a frequency high enough that it is equally likely to split apart as to reform. Forming reactants or products results in the loss of energy from the transition state. This principle is shown in Figure 1 , where the increased energy of the transition state is represented as a hill or barrier on the energy diagram. Catalysts reduce the height of the barrier for achieving the transition state. General Catalytic Mechanism Catalysed reaction occur by a wide variety of mechanism.There is however one pattern that applies to a no of single substrate rxns catalysted by surfaces,enzymes, acids and bases. It is useful to consider this schmene of rxn first show as to appreciate the similarities that exist between certain rxn that are catalysted by different type od catalyst. The rxn schme: C + S ↔ X + Y X + W ↔ P + Z Here C represent the catalyst and s is the substrate; X and Y are intermediate , the first of which undergoes a second rxn with a species W to give final product or products P together with the addition substance Z. This scheme shows only the kinetically significance reactions; the substate Y and Z undergo other process that do not have any effect on yhe kinetic behaviour. To simplify the treatment it is assumed that the second rxn does not in the reverse direction ; this can b ensured if the product P is removed as far as it is formed. In surface catalysis X is an adsoption complex, Y and W are non exitance. The const in this case are first order rate const, while is the second order const. In catalysis by acid and base however Y and W play important role. Thus i c is an acid catalyst, rxn 1 involces the transfer of a proton to S,so that Y is the base conjugate to the acid C. In acid catalyst the intermediate X is the protonated substrete SH+ and a rxn 2 is proton is transferred to a species W. The species W therefore has basic properties and it may b molecule of a solvent and a solute. For eg It may be the species Y formed in 1 step . we will see that the kinetic behaviour depends in an important way on wheather the intermediate X transfers its proton to solvent molecule or to a solute molecule. Conversely in base catalyst Y is the acid conjugate to the base C.the intermediate X is the substrate Molecule minus a proton., and in rxn 2 it accepts a proton from W.again we have a solvent molecule or a solute molecule.in some situations a rate with which a intermediate X undergoes rxn 2 may be sufficiently slow that the first rxn may b regarded as being at equilibrium.the exact condition for this is [W][X][Y].since this case corresponds to Arrhenius concept of an intermediate in eq with the reactants, such intermediate have being called Arrhenius intermediates. The converse case is that the condition is [X][Y]the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment may be appliedto it. Intermediate of this kind have been called Vant Hoff intermediates. If neither of this of this extreme condition applies , the kinetic situation is more complicated , and the appropriate differential eq have to be solved. Only the equolibium and steady-state treatments are considered here. Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates In this case the equation : Applies. However , the concentration of C and S do not correspond necessary to yhe initial concentration [C] and [S]. Since appreciable amount of C and S have been used to form a intermediate X. These initial concentration may be expressed as [C]=[C] + [S] [S]= [S] + [X] As long as attention is confined to initial rates. Eq a become This is quadratic in [X] and can be solve for [X]. Yhen the expression for rate equal to k[X][W] , can be written down. However it os, more useful to consider two special cases. Case 1: if the initial conc of the substrate is much greayer than that of yhe catalyst, that is, if [S][C], it follows that [S] [X] is very close to [S], since [X] cannot exceed [C]. Eq b there fore reduces to : And thus The rate of rxn therefore V=[X][W]= This rate eq correspond toa variation of rate of all type represent .At lower substrate conc , when K[S][Y], the rate become independent of [S], as long as the condition [S]>>[C] holds, however the rate varies linear with [C]. This type of behaviour is characteristic or single-substrate rxn on surfaces and of enzyme rxn. For both of these the species Y and W are nonexistence and eq c become: The eq is also eq to the Michaelis Menten eq for enzyme rxn. This eq usually written Where is the Michaelis const , is equal to 1/k in the present treatment. In rrn catalysed by acid and base it will be seen that the rate remain linear with the substrate concentration ; this is because of the special type of equilibrium that are rapidly established in the sol. Case 2: on the other hand , if the catalyst is greatly in excess of the substrate, that is [C]>>[S] eq a reduces to And the rate of rxn is The rate now varies linearily with the concentration of substrate , but the variation with the catalyst concentration . (b)The rate of reaction as a function of substrate conc for the case in which [S]>>[C] (a) rate of rxn as a function of catalyst concentration for the case[C]>>[S] Steady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate If the condition [W]>> applies, the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment is available. The steady-state is substitution of [C] -[X] for [C] and of [S]-[X] for [S} gives since [X] is very small the term in can be neglected ; with its approximation above eq gives the rate is therefore this eq again indicates that at low conc of either catalyst or substrate the rate is proportional to either [C] or [S] ; at a higher concentration of either the rate become independent of that concentration . in catalyst by surface and enzymes , W and Y are nonexistence and the rate eq become An eq of essentially this form was first derived by Briggs and Haldane for enzyme reaction Catalyst By Enzyme Catalysis by enzyme , the biological catalyst , is much more specific than that by acids and bases. soe enzyme shows absolute specificity ; an eg is urease, which only the catalyzed of Urea. A lower degree of specificity is shown by such enzyme as the proteolytic enzymes, which catalyst the hydrolysis of the peptide linkage provided that certain structural condition are specified in the neighbourhood of the linkage.; this is known as group specificity. many enzyme exhibit stereochemical specificity, in that the catalyze the rxn of one stereochemical form and not the other.the proteolytic enzyme.The enzymes are protein but may be associated with non protein substance that essential to the action of enzyme.the action of enzyme shows some resemblance to the catalytic action of acids and bases but is more complicated. the present treatment of enzyme kinetics is confined to the influence concentration, ph, and temperature and to some brief comments about enzymes mechanisms. Measurement of the kinetics of biological systems at elevated temperatures utilizing flow techniques Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.[14] Result Since enzymatic reactions are so important to biological chemical reactions, it is of great interest to be able to model them. By use of the study of chemical kinetics, it is possible derive rate equations for the steps involved in an enzymatic reaction. These rate equations are differential equations and can be used to model theconcentrations of each compound in the system. However, this system of differential equations is hard to determine experimentally because of the difficulty of determining the rate equations into theMichaelis-Menten enzyme equation. Many benefits stem from this transition. One benefit is the fact that it is now easy to determine the constants related to the enzyme equations. However, how do we know the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption is valid? It seems reasonable from a physical argument. Byuse of dimensional analysis, we can give a more rigorous mathematical argument for the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption. The Michaelis-Menten enzyme equation is very important i n the study of cellular systems by allowing a model that can be easily derived through experimentation. Summary Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process .than properties of catalyst in which Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. Than the characterstic of enzymes where enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. Then we studied the Enzyme Kinetics where studied the five equation:1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition.Than we studied the enzyme mechanism where studied two equations theSteady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate and the Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates.

Article Critique †‘You Have Someone To Trust (2012)

Article Critique – ‘You Have Someone To Trust (2012) Jessica Bowstead Context and Policy Qualitative Research Article Critique – ‘You Have Someone To Trust’ (2012). Jessica Bowstead M2067675 Word Count-1650 Mortimer, J North, K Stead J. (2012). You Have Someone To Trust. Outstanding safeguarding practise in primary schools. Unknown (Unknown), pg1-74. The purpose of this academic piece is to critically evaluate the article ‘You Have Someone to Trust’, it will begin with examining the literature and will discuss data analysis and findings and then will conclude by synthesising evidence as to whether it is a valued piece of work. The article of choice is qualitative. Qualitative research is a term used for research strategies that are aimed at how human beings understand, experience, interpret and produce the social world (Hammersley, 2013). The main strength of qualitative research is it generates an opportunity for great depth and information on the social process (Griffin, 2007). Quantitative data, on the other hand focus’s on counting and classifying features and constructing statistics (Mangell, 2013). Mortimer utilizes the method of ethnography in her research, this largely relies on observation and interviews as an essential aspect of its methods, the researcher endeavours to become part of the research, t aking note of everything they see and hear (Saks and Allsop, 2007). Validity, reliability, and objectivity are criteria used to evaluate the quality of research. As an explanatory method, the content of qualitative research analysis differs from quantitative data, from its assumptions, research purposes, and inference processes, therefore making the criteria unsuitable for qualitative research (Bradley, 1993). Early work conducted by Lincoln and Guba (1985) suggested four measures for evaluating qualitative research: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. For the purpose of this critical review, the author has chosen the McMaster critical appraisal tool Framework (1998, online). Following a full critical evaluation and checklist, it is apparent that Mortimer’s paper is an interesting but a problematic piece of research. You Have Somebody to Trust (2012) was created with the notion that it would specify criteria for practice in relation to safeguarding children. Policy making relies heavily on the academic literature, from the research it is distinguished how severe a problem is, what actions are required and know how implement it into practice (Exblom, 2002). After school and services failed to recognise and understand former legislation, and a series of serious case reviews, a new framework ‘Practical Tips for Schools’ was created in January 2012 (Mortimer et al, 2012). Mortimer’s study helped build the new framework with her research, this was through an evidence-based approach. You have someone to trust was funded by the Children’s Commission, which was established by the Children’s Act 2004 (Mortimer et al, 2004). Due to the nature of the funding, this research could be seen as one sided. It’s the governments duty to ensure practitioners are following safeguarding procedures (GOV.UK [online]) so one might believe that the results may bias to fit their own aims. However, this has not affected the result or completion of the study. It is essential that studies are clear and coherent due to the research being built on previous research (Dawson, Dawson Overfield 2013) allowing the information to be transferred. Here Mortimer clearly discusses the purpose of study in the first section ‘Executive Summary’. It is also explicitly stated in the second section, ‘Object of the Study’ stating â€Å"The research was in order to identify best professional practice in response to child protection and safeguarding concerns in primary schools’ (Mortimer et al, 2012). Although generalizability is disregarded in qualitative studies (Ali Yusof, 2011) it is important the findings from this article are transferable. Although no two schools are the same, the general operation of a school and their approach to safeguarding should be. In qualitative research it is essential to examine the appropriate literature on the issue of the study, this provides the reader with a rational background of the study (Fink Arlene 2005). Mortimer does draw on a significant amount of literature to contextulize her research. In section four, there is a varied quantity of literature on the chosen subject, including ‘Intervening early’ cited by Eason and Gee 2012 and ‘A shared understanding of outstanding practice’ cited by Ofsted Safeguarding Schools (2011) this is predominantly valuable in that it provides evidence of the subject matter. Generally, there is a clear discussion regarding the literature which in turn strengthens her study. Mortimer has chosen to use purposive sampling, she has completed this by intentionally selecting participants who can contribute a deep understanding of the phenomenon that she is studying (Klenk, 2013). The procedure of sample selection was not highlighted in Mortimer’s report, this could increase transferability. Without this a notion of bias may be questioned due to the deficiency of information. To strengthen her report Mortimer could have stated the sex, race, age and background of the participants. Discarding this information the paper cannot be seen as a true representation of the population (Janson, 2010) which will decrease transferability. Although the sampling information is limited, one can clearly summarize that the type of sampling here is a Maximum Variation Sampling. This involves deliberately selected cases with a wide variation on dimensional interests as an effort to understand the context and created transferbility (Polit Beck, 2013). In the executive summary section it states that ‘ the sample of the school, which were visited were specifically selected to ensure a variation in size, geographical location and demographic intake’(Mortimer et al, 2012). Here Mortimer has addressed the appropriate actions and increased her confimability in relation to the school selection. There was no declaration as to whether all participants took part, allowing the reader to assume that all asked contubuted to the study. Overall, the choice of sample selected for the research purposes is suitable as it does seem to offer a generous opportunity for research into the properties of safeguarding in education. Nevertheless, due to the lack of information provided the results lack confimibility and tranferability. Mortimer does not go into any substantial detail about the process of data collection, in section five there is a vague mention of it however, only basic information is provided. It states that semi structured interviews and survey’s had taken place, but again examples are not specified. The reader was not able to critique the question’s appropiability or comment if they were clearly understood. Survey respondents misunderstand questions more often than one might expect, and the collection process mistakes are difficult to discover and correct (Conrad Schober 2005). To improve the validity of the research, Mortimer could of included member checks. Member checks involve sharing all of the findings with the participants, allowing them to question and comment on the authenticity of the work (Creswell, 2007) this would eliminate any misunderstandings. Forwarding that Mortimer could have piloted her study so she was able to recognise any gaps in her proposal method (Sampson , 2004). The researcher has a clear responsibility to ensure that they protect the right and well being of their participants irrespective of the nature of their research, there are many guidelines that reinforce these principles and many aspects are legally enforceable (Eby, 1991). Mortimer does not discuss any ethical issues that she considered, or whether ethical approval was given. Participants who are subject in a research subject must be competent, have full disclosure of the subject field, understand the process and voluntarily participate (Emanuel, Abdoler Stunkel 2006). This is not disclosed in Mortimer study, therefore the reader is required to assume that the correct ethical procedures were adopted. The data analysis of the study was satisfactory. Mortimer provided a clear breakdown of the data that she gathered. However, no coding was present, coding is an important aspect of a study, it allows studies to be repeated and validated, it makes methods transparent (Shenton, 2004). In Mortimer’s case the coding should of been finalized once the survey was completed and in the case of interviews after the data was collected (Bourque, 2004). She included several direct quotes from participants, which increase the credibility in her research. Quotations give an insight and meaning and illustrate the argument (Holloway Wheeler, 2013) facilitating the reader to understand how the findings were presented. However, it ought to be recognized that her findings are clearly presented and concluded. You have someone to trust (2012) can be seen as having an insignificant amount of credibility. Credibility can be defined as ‘The plausibility of one’s study’ (Pitney Parker 2009). This article is a recent document created in 2012, suggesting that the information if current and up to date, furthering that, credible sources have been researched through the paper such as the NSPCC Safeguarding For Children. The investigators, background and qualification are unknown, Patton 1990 believes that the credibility of the researcher is especially important as it is the person who collects the data. It is believed that this is equally as important as the procedure credibility (Alkin, Daillak White, 1979). Beyond that, triangulation is a credible strategy that Mortimer does practice. Individual interviews, focus groups and surveys are used along with supporting data from documents. Other credible strategies include member checks and a prolonged study time (Munkhjargal, 2006). However, these were not applied throughout Mortimers study. Through triangulation of data collection methods, interviewing and data analysis, Mortimer has enhanced the validity of her work. Alongside these methods of data collection Mortimer has kept her focus on the objectives of her study. Mortimer has created transferability in her research through referencing literature collected on similar topics and areas. The research intentions are indeed found as a result of the work. That being stated, the subject field was very brief and a large amount of data could have been supplied to enhance the validity of the article. Without these any reader may believe that she has become too subjective in her decisions to understand her participants, reducing confimability in her work. Nevertheless, one can expect to ensure comparable results in similar settings from this study, making it clear that the researcher was dependable. On a whole it is clear that the research was valuable, ‘Practical Tips For Schools’ was created and the objective of the study achieved. References Akin, M, Daillak, R White, P (1979) Using evaluation: does evaluation make a difference? Beverly Hills: Sage Volume 76. Ali, A Youseff H. (2011). Quality in Qualitative Studies. Issues in Social and Environement Accounting. 5 (1/2), p25-64. Bourque, Linda B. Coding. In The Sage Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods. Eds. Michael S. Lewis-Beck, Alan Bryman, and Timothy Futing Liao, v. 1, 132-136. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2004. Bradley, J. (1993). Methodological issues and practices in qualitative research. Library Quarterly, 63 (4), 431-449. Conrad, F Schober, M. (2005). Journal of Official Statistics. Promoting Uniform Question Understanding in Today’s. 21 (2), P215-231 Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, JW. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dawson, M, Dawson, B Overfield, J. (2013). Reading for Your Research Project. In: Unknown Communication Skills for Biosciences. Unknown: Wiley Blackwell. p67. Eby M 1991, Ethical issues in nursing research: the wider picture. Nurse Researcher 3 (1), 5-13 Emanuel, E Abdoler, E Stunkel, L. (2006). How to treat people who Participate in research. Research Ethics. Unknown (6), p7. Fink Arlene (2005). Conducting Research Literture. 2nd Ed. London: SAGE. p46-58. Griffin, C. (2007). The advantages and limitation of qualitative research. Unknown. 11 (3), p127-156. Hammersley, M (2013). What is qualitative research?. London: Bloomsbury. p2. Holloway, I Whealer, s (2013). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. 3rd Ed. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. p325. Jenson, H. (2010). The Logic of Qualitative Survey Research and its Position in the Field of Social Research Methods. Qualitative Social Research. 11 (2), p. Klente, K (2008). Qualitative Research in The Study of Leadership. Bingley: Emerald Group. p11. Letts, L., Wilkins, S., Law, M., Stewart, D., Bosch, J., Westmorland, M.. (2007). Critical Review Form. Available: http://www.srsmcmaster.ca/Portals/20/pdf/ebp/qualreview_version2.0.pdf. Last accessed 15th Jan 2015. Lincoln, YS. Guba, EG. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications Mangel, S K (2013). Research Methodology in Behavioural Science. Unknown: PH Learning Privert Limited. p45 Munkhjargal, D. (2006). Data analysis. The Relationship Between Mathematical Discourse and the Curriculum. Unknown (3), p90. Patton, M (1990) Qualitative Education and Research Methods. 2nd Ed Newbury Park: Sage Pitney, W Parker, J (2009). Qualitative Research in Physical Activity and the Health Professions. Canada: Unknown. P63-64. Potit, F Beck, C (2013). Essentials of Nursing Research. 8th Ed. Unknown: Walter Klue Health. p285. Saks, M., and Allsop, J., (2007) Researching Health, Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods. London. Sage Sampson, H. (2005). Qualitative Research. Navigating the waves: the usefulness of piloting in research. 4 (3), p383-402. Shenton, Andrew K. â€Å"The analysis of qualitative data in LIS research projects: A possible approach.† Education for Information 22 (2004): 143-162 Unknown. (2014). GOV.UK. Available: https://www.gov.uk/schools-colleges-childrens-services/safeguarding-children. Last accessed 15th Jan 2015. 1

Birth Of Communication Essay -- essays research papers fc

Outline I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to reflect one’s own national and cultural identity to understand what is different among people of different nations. History teaches us that culture always changes because of internal or external influences, even our own cultures and values change over time. Our world today is a world in which people from different nations and cultures are getting closer and closer because of economical and political reasons. Because cultures are becoming closer, communication is the most important quality for anyone to work on if they want to work in the international society. The history of communication and the relationships that were formed in the early part of worldwide communication still reflect the relationships held between nations today. The question is how have cultural differences evolved as technology increased? Although many things have indeed changed in individual cultures and values, the knowledge of how communications work today can only be learned from studying communications of yesterday. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the turn of the century, Asia seemed very close because of â€Å"great modern inventions. However, the close feeling was only on communication terms. Culturally the effect of communication was a very complicated process. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although international communication was non-existent between distant countries only a few hundred years ago, cultural differences are accentuated today as an effect of communication technology. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Development of International Communication A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19th century Asian Culture B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19th century American Culture V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America meets new countries A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Talking to Asia B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thoughts of the world about the new player called America IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tensions A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Countries who became stronger or weaker (politically and economically) because of communication B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How did those who became stronger use communication to their advantage? (Politically) C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How the weaker countries reacted, and exposed themselves to the world as a culture. (If they did) V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ben... ...c: An Inner History of American-East Relations. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc, 1967. Koester, Jolene, and Myron Lustig. Intercultural Communication and Competence. Vol 17.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  California: Sage Publications, 1993 Mancall, Mark. China at the Center: 300 Years of Foreign Policy. New York: The Free Press, 1984. Pong, David, and Edmund S.K. Fung, eds. Ideal and Reality: Social and Political Change in Modern China. Lanham: University press of America, 1985. Bibliography Fogel, Joshua A. The Cultural Dimension of Sino-Japanese Relations: Essays on the nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. NewYork: M.E. Sharpe, 1995. Chang, Gordon H. Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. Carbaugh, Donal, ed. Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1990. Hart, Robert. The Eccentric Tradition: American Diplomacy in the Far East. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976. Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich, and John Calhoun Merrill, eds. International and Intercultural Communication. New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1970.

The Leaching Requirement During Irrigation Essay -- Soil Reclamation A

The Leaching Requirement During Irrigation The leaching of soluble salts from the plant rooting zone is a pivotal concern when irrigating cropland. Irrigation water is used to maintain crop productivity, so drought conditions need not occur to induce irrigation measures. Irrigation simply provides supplemental precipitation that may not be achieved through natural processes, i.e. rainfall. Basically, leaching is described as passing additional water through a medium to remove unwanted materials. This is usually achieved through two types of ponding. Additional water is pumped onto the soil surface and allowed to accumulate until surface ponding occurs. There are two mechanisms that perform this duty, continuous or intermittent ponding. Intermittent ponding, applying the excess water in intervals, is more favorable for milder climates where evaporation rates are low (NATO, 1994). Continuous ponding, applying all the water at once, may not be appropriate given geographical, climatic, or user-related constraints. Salts accumulate in the soil profile over time, therefore, leaching may serve as a form of soil â€Å"reclamation†. Normally, leaching curves are developed to determine the amount of water that may be actually required to reduce the initial soil salinity by a certain percentage (NATO, 1994). Although rainfall and the present soil already have saline concentrations, additional salts are added to the soil via irrigation water. Moisture is then extracted by the processes of evaporation and transpiration, and the salts begin to precipitate. Now, the salt balance of the soil profile changes: excessive salt concentrations are introduced without having adequate outlets. If located it the plant’s root zone, ... ... Sustainability, Vimieo, Portugal. Rhoades, J.D., J. Loveday (1990) Salinity in Irrigated Agriculture: Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, Agronomy #30, pp. 1107-1103. Schwab, G.O., D.O. Fangmeier, W.J. Elliot, and R.K. Frevert (1993) Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York pp 395 United States Salinity Laboratory Staff, Richards, L.A. (ed) (1954) Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils, Agriculture handbook No. 60, United States Department of Agriculture pp 37 & 38. Water Quality Technical Committee of the Irrigation & Drainage Division of American Society of Civil Engineers (1990) ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice #71, Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, pp243-247. Woodard, Guy O. (1969) Sprinkler Irrigation, Sprinkler Irrigation Association Editor’s Press, Maryland pp 125.

Cookies and Internet Privacy :: Internet Private Cookies Essays

Cookies and Internet Privacy What is a Cookie? â€Å"Netscape's Client Side State definition:Cookies are a general mechanism which server side connections (such as CGI scripts) can use to both store and retrieve information on the client side of the connection. The addition of a simple, persistent, client-side state significantly extends the capabilities of Web-based client/server applications.†Kington, Andy, Andy’s HTTP Cookie Notes, Available from http://www.illuminatus.com/cookie_pages/ [modified 6 June 1997, cited 14 March, 1999] In English, this means that webservers can create web pages that will customize from user to user. By saving these preferences on your computer, the web page can reload appearing to your chosen options. This is accomplished by retrieving the cookie, through your browser, when you access the web page. Where cookies and privacy clash The problem with privacy begins with the cookie revealing personal information that you do not wish to be available. â€Å"Your browser is probably revealing more than you might want: which computer you are coming from, what software and hardware you are using, details of the link you clicked on, and possibly even your email address.† Junkbusters, How Web Servers' Cookies Threaten Your Privacy, [Online], Available from http://www.junkbusters.com/ht/en/cookies.html, [written 11 December, 1998, cited 14 March, 1999] By receiving this information, the webservers could sell it as part of an advertising database resulting in both electronic and paper junk mail. Legislative action has been enacted to curtail the illegal use of personal information. "The WWW offers a wide variety of communication, information and interaction. Cookies provide for necessary customization. But the Internet is not outside the law. Existing regulations, targeted at protecting personal information, limit the use and application of cookies. Current cookie usage violates such norms. Content providers continuing to use cookies that violate these regulations and browser producers unwilling or incapable of bringing their products into accordance with these laws both risk legal liability. It should be their concern to avoid legal action; and it should be our concern to safeguard our privacy." Mayer-Schoenberger, Viktor, "The Internet and Privacy Legislation: Cookies for a Treat? ", West Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, [journal online], Available from http://www.wvjolt.wvu.edu/wvjolt/current/issue1/articles/mayer/mayer.htm, [cited 14 March, 1999] Another possibility of potential privacy violition is cookies retreiving information from other locations on your hard drive. â€Å"The safety of personal information stored on the user's hard drive has also been of concern in the cookie debate.

Dell’s Marketing Strategy

Dell’s marketing strategy In the realm of enterprise IT, Dell is often viewed as having a singular strategy-build and sell products cheaper and more efficiently than competitors, and thereby grow both market share and revenue. While that deceptively simple plan lies at the heart of Dell’s approach for customers, its overall enterprise strategy, like its presence in the enterprise market, it maturing, growing stronger and becoming more complex with each passing year.Dell has crystallized its long-term strategy for business customers in a vision it calls the Scalable Enterprise, which has many similarities with the dynamic computing strategies of its competitors—IBM (On Demand), Hewlett-Packard (Adaptive Enterprise), and so forth. Scalable Enterprise is centered on Dell products, services and alliances—all of which are rooted in industry standards and cloaked in the famous Dell direct model. The company has been promoting and marketing this vision for only a few years, but it has quickly become a focal point for how Dell rationalizes its product and services roadmaps.And it intersects with Dell’s overall view that the industry will continue to leverage clusters of high-performance, industry-standard servers and operating environments, and move away from larger-scale, proprietary systems. More important, the Scalable Enterprise vision also gives Dell a method for speaking with customers about its overall value proposition, and how it can help customers migrate to the long-term dynamic computing vision.Dell’s Services employees, in particular professional services, play a critical role in evangelizing the value of the Scalable Enterprise and in engaging customers in discussions as to how to make the vision real in their IT environments. Dell has never aspired to grow its professional services business to rival those of IBM Global Services (IGS) or the global systems integrators (GSIs). However, the company does recognize th at services are a linchpin for helping customers use Dell products to address both their IT and their business challenges, and convincing them that Dell’s products and solutions are truly enterprise-class.To that end, Dell has refocused its professional services portfolio (and its entire services roster), placing overall customer satisfaction, â€Å"lifecycle† services and the Scalable Enterprise at the core. In this report, I am examining how Dell is trying to leverage professional services to drive its Scalable Enterprise vision. We begin with an overview of how customers view Dell’s Scalable Enterprise vision, based on data from a recently completed Summit Strategies survey.We then briefly review the tenets of the Scalable Enterprise strategy and drill down into Dell’s services portfolio, with a particular focus on professional services and some of Dell’s newer offerings. We conclude with suggestions about steps Dell can take—in particula r with enterprise services partners—to further enhance its professional services strategy and spread its Scalable Enterprise vision throughout the market. We first explored Dell’s services strategy two years ago (see our January 2003 report, Can Dell Find Success in Enterprise Services? ).Then, Dell was still refining its services strategy—particularly, how it would move ahead in enterprise services. At that time, many of Dell’s executives were concerned that customers did not view the company as a strategic enterprise vendor, or thought that Dell lacked enterprise-level expertise for designing and deploying IT environments. What a difference two years can make. We recently asked IT buyers—enterprise and SMB—to identify their most strategic IT vendors, both for overall IT strategy and in a variety of different IT areas, including infrastructure software and implementation and support.As shown in Figure 1, when we asked all respondents how im portant various vendors would be to their organizations’ overall IT strategy during the next three years, Dell ranked fourth (19%) among those vendors identified as most strategic—behind Microsoft (36%), IBM (21%) and Cisco (21%). Dell ranked ahead of Hewlett-Packard (HP), Oracle, Sun Microsystems, SAP, and some global integrators and outsourcers. Another 28% named Dell as one of their top two or three most strategic vendors.In another survey data point, among large enterprise customers (with 1,000 or more employees), Dell ranked as the fifth most strategic vendor (20%), with Oracle moving ahead of Dell. The news was even better for Dell when respondents were asked about strategic vendors for their server and storage strategies during the next three years. Dell came out on top among enterprise customers—ahead of HP, IBM, EMC and Sun (see Figure 2). Dell also outpaced IBM among small and medium businesses (SMBs), a market that both companies view as a strategic p riority.While these two data points do not directly relate to the robustness of Dell’s services capabilities, they do demonstrate that Dell’s profile as a provider of enterprise-caliber solutions has gone up considerably in the past few years. In addition, when we asked our survey audience to select their most strategic vendor for IT support and implementation services in the next three years, Dell placed fourth among total respondents—again behind Microsoft, Cisco and IBM—and fifth among enterprise respondents.It’s also clear that Dell’s contention that lower-cost, standards based systems can handle IT functions previously reserved for higher-end, proprietary systems is resonating with customers. Also, Dell may benefit from its high-profile consumer business, with familiarity in consumer markets breeding a similar familiarity at the corporate customer level—although there is no conclusive evidence about a linkage. The momentum is hel ping propel Dell and its Scalable Enterprise strategy into a leadership position in enterprise IT environments (see Figure 3).Based on an unwavering belief that IT customers want simplicity, optimization and better management, Dell’s Scalable Enterprise vision encompasses Dell’s mission to standardize core elements of IT datacenters to deliver these capabilities. It emphasized de facto standard products, open standards specifications, customer choice, lifecycle services and the advantages of Dell’s direct model. The Scalable Enterprise encompasses some, but not all, of the characteristics of Summit Strategies’ dynamic computing framework.This framework tightly aligns IT and business goals through the use of new infrastructure components and virtualization capabilities, automated and policy-based service management capabilities, and optimized business processes. Dell is positioning itself to focus on many of the infrastructure hardware elements of dynamic computing—and is bringing in partners to solve the major infrastructure software, management and business process challenges of the dynamic computing equation (although some Dell-developed management capabilities are becoming increasingly strategic for the vendor).IBM and, to a lesser degree HP, talk to customers about their ability to deliver dynamic computing solutions from either the bottom-up (aiming to make the IT infrastructure more flexible and adaptable) or the top-down (analyzing business processes and then changing the underlying infrastructure to better support them). Dell, however, approaches customers with a more narrowly-focused value proposition that stresses a phased approach to drive standards and scalability within an enterprise datacenter—which will lead to better IT support and adaptability for usiness processes over time. In fact Dell believes that its Scalable Enterprise vision will not come to full fruition until 2008, when the company plans to d eliver more automated policy-based capabilities, self-monitoring tools and dynamic resource allocation for heterogeneous systems. Of course IBM, HP and others would say they can provide a greater array of dynamic computing solutions now, and that customers have no need to wait several years to take advantage of them.However Dell believes customers will be more comfortable with their longer-term, phased-in approach that emphasizes standards—and that by leveraging its direct model; customers will see Dell’s approach as more affordable as well. When we profi led Dell’s services business two years ago questions lingered over whether Dell could sustain its services business and how strategic services would play into the company’s future (Scalable Enterprise had not yet been introduced).Today, with services as one of the three main pillars for the Scalable Enterprise strategy, there is little doubt about services’ overall importance to Dell. Services cur rently generate about $4 billion in annual revenue and it is one of the fastest growing parts of the company’s business. In fact professional services revenue has doubled over a two-year period, with significant growth in both the U. S. and overseas markets.As referenced previously, Dell’s services reflect the company’s overall philosophy that customers want more standard, less custom and more lifecycle IT solutions. Dell’s approach has been to slowly expand beyond traditional support services (which still generate the majority of Dell’s services revenue) with more repeatable, higher value-add professional and managed services, both directly and through partners. To address this Dell is attempting to highlight its business-centric expertise in existing and new professional services offerings.

Helping the Environment Essay

Trees are very important to humans. As part of the environment, we must. More and more trees are being cut to sustain the needs for products such as paper. Making small ways to help the environment is important to make a difference. As a hypothesis, I presume that preventing the use of paper towels and napkins that are made from trees can help the environment. The use of cloth as napkins paper instead of those made of paper at homes, restaurants and other places have significant contributions to the demand of paper products. Paper towels and napkins are disposable products made of paper. It serves the same general purposes as conventional towels, such as drying hands, wiping windows and dusting. However, cloth and rugs and ordinary towels can serve the same purpose. It is also more durable. It will wiser to use cloth instead of paper napkins since it is cheaper to use because cloth can be washed and used again. . If you replace the majority of paper towels and napkins with cloth rags or cloth napkins, the savings to the environment are tangible. The average cost of paper towels is about anywhere from 1. 00 to 2. 25 per roll depending on the brand. The demand for paper products such as napkins has a huge impact on the amount of trees being cut. According to the Law of Supply and Demand, as the demand increases the corresponding supply must be produced. It implies that, as the demand for paper towels and napkins increases, more trees are more likely to be cut down in order to address. I would say I use at least 4 roles of paper towels a week with approx. 100 sheets a roll and its 2 ply sheets which is just a stronger type of paper towel. In order to contribute something to the environment, one should avoid using paper products like paper towels and napkins. Instead of disposable napkins, use a handkerchief. A campaign for not using such products can also have significant effects on the number of trees to be cut. In conclusion, even in small things we can contribute big changes to help the problems in the environment. We should all be aware of the consequences of our daily consumption. REFERENCES: Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin, ‘†Paper and Printing,† vol. 5 part 1 of Needham, Joseph Science and Civilization in China:. Cambridge University Press, 1986.